Pierre Robin Syndrome, Narcolepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury

Japanese Women and Leisure free essay sample

A paper which presents and talks about recreation time for ladies in Japan. The paper shows that while ladies in Japan have made incredible steps during the twentieth century, they despite everything have far to go to make up for lost time to the universes ladies in pay, work possibilities and their remaining in the public eye. The paper examines the numerous hours Japanese ladies spend on childcare and housework which allows for relaxation time and amusement. Relaxation time for ladies in Japan is substantially more typical today than it was a very long while prior. Truth be told, ladies taking classes, or getting a charge out of golf and other entertainment would have been taken a gander at with dissatisfaction, individuals would have thought they were ignoring their obligations to seek after narrow minded delights. Today, they appreciate more opportunity, yet as in numerous different social orders, working ladies with families despite everything appreciate the least relaxation time, and in Japan, their significant other assistance even less with the fundamental housework. We will compose a custom paper test on Japanese Women and Leisure or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Japanese ladies despite everything have far to go to get equivalent in their general public.

Do You Have Bad Credit and Need a Loan Here Are 4 Options

Do You Have Bad Credit and Need a Loan Here Are 4 Options Do You Have Bad Credit and Need a Loan? Here Are 4 Options Do You Have Bad Credit and Need a Loan? Here Are 4 OptionsFinding the right bad credit loan means doing your research, understanding the pros and cons of each product, and finding the loan that works best for you.If you have bad credit but you need to get a loan to cover a surprise expense, you’re going to have to make some hard choices. Whereas someone with a good score could borrow that money at fairly low rates, you’ll have to make do with more expensive options.But that doesn’t mean that all your possible options are bad, either. There are some bad credit loans and no credit check loans out there that can make for reasonable short term financing.Still, you’ll want to make sure you know exactly what you’re getting into before you borrow. With that in mind, here are four of your primary bad credit loan options. And remember: The smarter you borrow, the better off you’ll be.1. Payday loans.Payday loans are one of the most common types of no credit check loans. The idea b ehind them is that they serve as an advance on your next paycheck. (For this reason, they are also sometimes referred to as “cash advances.”) They are available as online loans and can also be obtained from local brick-and-mortar storefronts.Payday loans are small-dollar loans, meaning that the most you’ll be able to borrow is usually just a few hundred dollars. They also come with very short terms: The average repayment term for a payday loan is only two weeks, and the loans are repaid in a single lump sum payment.When you borrow a payday loan, you will oftentimes have to make out a post-dated check for the amount owed or sign an automatic debit agreement. When the loan’s due date arrives, the funds owed will then be automatically removed from your bank account.Unlike installment loans, payday loans charge interest as a flat fee, with an average rate of $15 per $100 borrowed. If you were to borrow $300 with a payday loan at that rate, you would be charged $45 in interest an d owe $345 in total. That flat rate means that early repayment won’t save you any money.While a 15 percent interest rate might not seem that high, payday loans are much more expensive than traditional personal loans, which calculate interest on an annual basis, not a weekly one. 15 percent interest on a two-week payday loan comes out to an annual percentage rate (APR) of 391 percent!Due to payday loans’ high interest rates, short terms, and lump sum payment structure, many borrowers have difficulty paying their loan off on-timeâ€"or they find themselves having to choose between making their loan payments and paying other important bills.Payday loan borrowers in this situation are often faced with two options: They can either take out a new payday loan or they can “roll over” their old loan, paying only the interest due and receiving an extension on their due date … in return for a brand new interest charge.Either way, rolling over and reborrowing a payday loan can end up t rapping borrowers into a dangerous cycle of debt. According to a study from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the average payday loan user takes out 10 payday loans every year.2. Title loans.Title loans are another kind of short-term bad credit loan. But while they are similar to payday loans in many ways, the two products also have some key differences.While payday loans are unsecured loansâ€"meaning that the borrower doesn’t have to offer any collateralâ€"title loans are secured by the title to the borrowers car or truck. In order to qualify for a title loan, a person must own their car free and clearâ€"meaning they don’t owe any money on an auto loan.This collateral means that the average consumer can borrow more with a title loan than they can with a payday loan. It should be noted, however, that title loan amounts rarely equal the full resale value for the vehicle being used as collateral.And even with that additional collateral providing decreased risk for t he lenderâ€"which would normally mean lower interest ratesâ€"the interest charges for title loans are still extremely high. They have an average repayment term of one month and an average interest charge of 25 percent, which works out to a 300 percent APR.While the average borrower can expect a larger loan principal with a title loan than they could get with a payday loan, the downside to title loans is also clear: If the borrower cannot repay their loan, the lending company can repossess their car and sell it in order to make up their losses.And this isn’t just a hypothetical either: According to research from the CFPB, one in five title loans ends with the borrower’s car being repossessed. In some states, title lenders don’t have to recompense borrowers if the car ends up being sold for more than was owed.3. Pawn shops.You might not think of pawn shops as a place where you go to borrow money, but that’s exactly how they work. Customers bring in valuable items that are then used to secure small-dollar loans; if the borrower can’t pay the loan back, the pawn shop gets to keep the collateral and sell it.Similar to title loans, the amount you can borrow with a pawn shop loan will vary depending on the worth of the item being used as collateral. The more valuable the item, the more money you’ll be able to borrow but the more you’ll stand to lose if you default on the loan.All small-dollar loans are regulated at the state and local level, meaning that loan terms and interest rates will vary depending on where you live. But even compared to payday and title loans, the rates and terms for pawn shop loans vary wildly. Most pawn shop loans are issued on a month-to-month basis.Pawn shops charge anywhere from 15 to 240 percent interest depending on local and state regulations. Before deciding whether a pawn shop loan fits your bad credit borrowing needs, you should do research on your local laws to see what kinds of rates you’ll be charged.4. Installment loans.Unlike the other loans included in this list, installment loans come with repayment terms that are longer than two weeks or a month. Your typical installment loan often comes with repayment terms anywhere from nine to 18 months.In some ways, bad credit installment loans are the same thing as regular personal loans; they simply come with higher interest rates. Installment loans are paid off in a series of regularly scheduled paymentsâ€"instead of just one lump sumâ€"and they charge interest as an ongoing rate instead of as a flat fee.Installment loans are also amortizing, which means that each payment goes towards both the interest and principal loan amount. Early payments  mostly go towards interest, while later payments are almost entirely principal. The ratio between the two changes according to the loan’s amortization schedule.Since installment loan interest is charged as on ongoing rate, paying the loan off early will save you money. Before borrowing, however, you shoul d check to see whether or not the lending company charges prepayment penalties, which penalize you for doing just that.The rates for installment loans differ from loan to loan, lender to lender, and state to state. Still, the rates for installment loans are oftentimes lower than the rates for title and payday loans. One of the few downsides is that longer loan terms can mean more money paid towards interest overall compared to short-term loans.Still, the smaller individual payments for installment loans could end up negating that extra cost. If a borrower is unable to pay off their short-term loan, they will be forced to roll it over or reborrow it. And every time they do, their cost of borrowing goes up. Meanwhile, making regular payments on an installment loan keeps costs steady.With payday loans and title loans, it is rare that a lender will run any sort of check on their customers’ ability to repay the money they’re borrowing. With installment loans, this practice is more co mmon. They often perform their due diligence by verifying an applicant’s income or running a soft check on their credit historyâ€"one that won’t affect their score.Lastly, some installment lendersâ€"like OppLoansâ€"report their customers payment information to the credit bureaus. This means that on-time loan payments will be reflected in customers’ credit history and can help them build their credit scores.Borrow now, plan for later.Even the best bad credit loan is no match for a well-stocked emergency fund. Instead of paying money towards interest, your long-term financial plan needs to involve money that’s been set aside to deal with surprise bills and other unforeseen expenses.While youre building those savings, it wouldn’t hurt to tackle your credit score as well. Even if you end up needing to borrow money to pay for a car repair bill or a medical expense, a good credit score will mean you can take out a loan with much lower interest rates to do so.If you have bad cred it, you should focus on paying your bills on time and paying down your debt, as those two factors make up 65 percent of your overall score. For debt repayment, you should try either the Debt Snowball or the Debt Avalanche methods.And no matter what steps you take to improve your financial situation, one of those steps needs to be building a budget and then sticking to it. Without that, all your other efforts to pay down debt, improve your credit, and build up your savings will fall flat on their faces. To learn more, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingBuilding Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

The Origins and History of Yoga - 876 Words

The origins of yoga date back to India over 5,000 years ago. The Vedas, holy writings that are the foundation for Hinduism, possess ancient yoga teachings known as Vedic Yoga. Individuals became reliant on Vedic yoga to live their life in divine harmony. The period of Pre-classical Yoga coincides with the development of the Upanishads. The Upanishads fortified the writings of the Vedas, therefore strengthening the practice of yoga. The history of yoga has been widely associated with not only Hinduism but Buddhism as well. Siddharta Gautama, the enlightened one, founder of Buddhism understood the benefits that yoga provided for meditation. The goal of Buddhism is to find inner peace, which yoga assisted in. In other regions, the ruins of the immense cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, depictions have been found engraved on soapstone seals that strongly resemble figures of yoga poses. Bhavagad-Gita, is the earliest known yoga scripture dated back to around 500 B.C. The Gita is dedicated entirely to yoga, its main aim is that -- to be alive means to be active and in order to avoid difficulties in our lives and in others, our actions have to benign and have to exceed our egos. Its connection to the Upanishads is paralleled to the relatio nship between the Vedas and Upanishads, strengthening each others meaning. The classical period marks the establishment of the Yoga Sutra. Written by Patanjali, around the second century, with the purpose to clarify and standardizeShow MoreRelatedDo We Have Caste Systems Within The United States Today?1211 Words   |  5 Pagesthem clear assurance as to their rights and freedom. Women in Hindu families still have a long way to go before they can consider themselves free. The word yoga is derived from the root yuj, which means to unite or to join together. The practice of yoga may lead to the union of the human with the divine - all within the self. The aim of yoga is the transformation of human beings from their natural form to a perfected form. The Yogic practices originated in the primordial depths of India s past.Read MoreHinduism and Budhism: Two of the World ´s Largest Religions1201 Words   |  5 Pagesfall under the definition of religion in their countries of origin. Two of these Religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. While some do not see these as extremely prominent, they are pinocle belief systems in the Asian continent, with over 1 billion followers all together. (Feldhaus) These two religions along with few other traditional Asian belief systems are very different from traditional western belief systems in ways of their origins, practices and philosophy.(Chen) What is it that makes theseRead MoreWhat is Yoga?1287 Words   |  5 Pages1 . What is Yoga? 1.1 What you can get from Yoga It is commonly said that you can get healthy body and mind with Yoga. Through practicing, you can be calm and relaxed. And you get focused mind and a physically strong and flexible body. You can also increase a sensitivity, harmony, and peace of mind. For example, through Yoga, you can change your â€Å"qualitative use of movement: weight distribution, effort, temporality, the coordinated use of parts, and so on.† For example, people who have the heavyRead MoreA Practitioner Of Yoga1587 Words   |  7 Pagesis always released. BhG 6.10: A practitioner of yoga should always join the self to yoga, firm in solitude, alone and restrained, in self and thought, with no desire, and no possessions. BhG 6.14: With fear banished, controlled mind, and the self peaceful, firm in the celibate vow of a student, thinking of me, one should sit joined to yoga, with me as highest. YS 2.30: The yamas are nonviolenceRead MoreEssay about Hinduism1135 Words   |  5 Pagesrules for good or Dharmic living that they laid down constitute the Hindu religion. Sanatana Dharma does not have a starting point in history, does not have a founder, and has no Church. The sages who shaped the Hindu religion merely reiterated the teachings of the Vedas, the Hindu scriptures (most of which is unwritten). The Vedas are believed to have no origin. In ancient India, the Vedas formed the educational system and broadly comprised all the different spheres of life, such as spiritual,Read MoreImproving Chinas Image Through Advertisement1048 Words   |  5 PagesDiaspora Route: Following emigrants into the world (Corona, Mandarin Oriental). 4. The Brand Acquisition Route: Buying global brands from Western multinationals (Lenovo, Tata Motors). 5. The Positive Campaign Route: Overcoming negative country of origin associates (Chang Beer, Ospop). 6. The Cultural Resources Route: Positioning on positive cultural myths (Havaianas, Shanghai Tang). 7. The Natural Resources Route: Branding commodities in four steps (Natura, Cafà © de Colombia). 8. The NationalRead MoreWhat Do The Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish And Christian Scriptures?1025 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciple of Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and Jewish faiths is the theological tenet of non-violence and, if necessary, the restricted application of violence upon others. While the behavior of the people practicing some of these faiths has, throughout history, contradicted their espoused beliefs (for example, Moses’ actions in the Midian War), nevertheless the idea of non-violence has evolved into a more common concept known as the â€Å"sanctity of life†, with a goal of the reduction of human suffering. ThisRead MoreThe Origins Of Yoga And The Second School Being Hatha Yoga2963 Words   |  12 Pagespractice of Yoga. His message permeated throughout the United States while capturing the minds of brilliant Americans such as Gertrude Stein. Vivekananda as well as the Doctrine of Yoga were a sensation, but what has become of the mystical practice known as yog a. In this paper I will discuss the origins of yoga in the West, various schools of thought associated with yoga and with a focus on two in particular: the first being Raja yoga (royal yoga) and the second school being Hatha yoga. Dr. John RenardRead MoreGlobalization and Lower Living Standards for Americans Essay example1364 Words   |  6 Pagesfor personal experiences that represent the affect of globalization upon my life. It is difficult to pinpoint exact experiences, but it is clear the broader affects globalization has had on my life such as in the spread of cultural practices such as yoga or foreign entertainment, or the rapid demise of the Midwestern manufacturing industry. When looking at positive affect of globalization in my life I would look specifically to the increased prevalence of international cultures travel. A short timeRead MoreThe Origins Of Yoga, And Yogic Practices1957 Words   |  8 PagesYoga has influenced the entire range of Indian culture and is considered an all- pervading as well. When learning about yoga, one may ask what exactly is Yoga and where does it come from? It is a very difficult question to ask considering it has several spectrums you can touch upon to expand and summarize. You have Yoga’s many branches that are scattered amongst India that include the spirituality, religious and physical aspects. To grasp Yoga’s wide range that it has to offer it is best to break

Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Essay example

Robotics and artificial intelligence is the way of the future. Imagine sitting at work and your co-worker is a robot, not just a robot but one who looks like a human, seems a bit far fetched but as predicted by The National Intelligence Council(NIC), a United States government think-tank and research group, technologies will be advanced enough to assume low skilled jobs by the year 3025(Lohr, Steve). Generations beyond this day and age will find it normal to talk to computers just as Siri on the I-phone has become apart of our society. With proper support for emerging technologies, we can have intelligent transportation networks that run as efficiently as factories(Noor, Ahmed K). â€Å"Our young children and grandchildren will think it is†¦show more content†¦The first predicament is, the barriers between humans and robots will become blurred. The â€Å"love lines† will become indistinct and â€Å"Anna Russell from the University of San Diego asserts that the human oid robot can no longer be regarded merely as a literary device in science fiction stories but is now the reality of our society. Assuming that society permits physical relationships between humans and machines, Ms. Russell says, cyborgs will necessarily acquire inalienable rights(â€Å"One Robot†).† Robots will not just be some fictitious creation for a movie or book, they will be the reality. Simply humans and robots will no longer be seperate; the rights robots have, the way they â€Å"live†, and the way they even â€Å"love† will be changed drastically. The problems that this may cause are what happens when a male human finds a female humanoid robot exceptionally charming, endearing and cute? Or even the other way, when a female human finds a male humanoid robot to be attractive. Laws made by governments will need to be rewritten to accommodate the robots and their integration into society, it was hard enough to get the government to pass gay marriage laws, let alone laws for human and robot marriages. Asimov’s three laws that he created are the base to the movie The Bicentennial Man. The movie follows the 200 year life of Andrew, and throughout his life time he discovers the intricacies of humanity. Andrew is an intelligentShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence : Robotic Surgery1202 Words   |  5 PagesArtificial intelligence is defined as the development of computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. In the scientific industry, artificial intelligence is used to assist surgeons in surgery, referred to as robotic surgery, and is most likely to become the most dominant form of surgery. Robot assisted surgery has been prevalent for about ten years now, and is becoming popular in many industries. In aeronautics, NASA is implementing robotic surgery for astronauts inRead MoreThe Integration Of Robotics And Artificial Intelligence1036 Words   |  5 Pagescritical element of thinking demons trated by humans gets adopted in robotics and automation by the developments intensified in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The fear of robots taking over human tasks should get dismissed because the adoption of new technology elevates innovation levels that create alternative jobs in various sectors of the economy hence employment (Kelly). The integration of robotics and artificial intelligence in the human tasks benefits society to a great extent by simplifyingRead MoreThe Talk About Robotics And Artificial Intelligence1426 Words   |  6 PagesCT-IETA CONFERENCE 2016 SRAVYA KAITHI 1005219 This talk was given by Prof: NAVARUN GUPTA. The talk was about Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Apply autonomy/Robotics is the branch of mechanical building, electrical building and software engineering that arrangements with the plan, development, operation, and use of robots, and additionally PC frameworks for their control, tangible criticism, and data handling. These advancements manage computerized machines that can replace people inRead MoreThe Effect Of Artificial Intelligence On The Medical Industry1097 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence of Artificial Intelligence in the Medical Industry Artificial intelligence is defined as the development of computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. In the scientific industry, artificial intelligence is used to assist surgeons in surgery, called robotic surgery and is most likely to become the most dominant form of surgery. Robot assisted surgery has been prevalent for about ten years now, and is becoming popular in many industries. From an aeronauticalRead More Artificial Intelligence Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Intelligence Computers are everywhere today. It would be impossible to go your entire life without using a computer. Cars, ATMs, and TVs we use everyday, and all contain computers. It is for this reason that computers and their software have to become more intelligent to make our lives easier and computers more accessible. Intelligent computer systems can and do benefit us all; however people have constantly warned that making computers too intelligent can be to our disadvantageRead MoreAnalysis of the Development of Artificial Intelligence Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages Artificial intelligence has come a long way since the first robot. In 1950, Alan Turing of Britain publishes, Computer Machinery and Intelligence. This book was proposed to be the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it. The first robot that presents the usage of artificial intelligence was built in 1969. The purpose of this robot was to try out navigation using basic tools such as cameras and bump sensors (Marshall 371). Since then, we have made a million robots way better than thisRead MoreThe Age Of Artificial Intelligence1418 Words   |  6 PagesJennie Nguyen Ms.Decker Honors English IV 24 Sept. 2015 The Age of Artificial Intelligence â€Å"Intelligence is described as the ability to adapt to new environments and situations and being able to understand consequences and effects that your actions cause. This is something that all living creatures have in some way or another. Animals can adapt to their environments and react to interference, and plants do the same. Human intelligence, however, is in an entirely different ball park. With the upriseRead MoreThe Future Of Artificial Intelligence ( Ai )1572 Words   |  7 Pages What is the Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? A Prediction of Killer Robot Era Jie Shi Liew LING 102 Mr Kevin Hensold-Speir November 11, 2016 What is the Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? A Prediction of Killer Robots Era While human are benefiting much from our 21st century Information Technology Revolution, technology revolution such as creation of robotics could be a disaster to our human race rather than a blessing. According to the world economic forumRead MoreA Robotic Body Via Remote Neuron Detectors1438 Words   |  6 Pagesindependently of a body. These cells have been used to control a robotic body via remote neuron detectors. The researcher leading the study, Kevin Warwick, is confident that as technology progresses, the size of these human-created biological brains will increase dramatically, soon reaching the level of approximately 60 percent of a human brain (Warwick 230). This indicates the possibility of eventual human brain transplant to a robotic body. IBM has recently announced that, using their Dawn systemRead MoreUse of Robotics in Health Care Sector1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe answer lies here: A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electro -mechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry. Robots can be autonomous, semi-autonomous or remotely controlled and range from humanoids such as ASIMO and TOPIO to Nano robots, swarm robots, and industrial robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. Robots are said to be the future

How Facebook Effects Relationships Free Essays

Facebook is a popular web page where anybody can create a free account, similar to an email address. The site allows anybody to add friends, post pictures, and let all their friends know what their doing on an hourly basis. At the beginning, the page appeared to be a great way to keep in touch with people who lived two minutes to two hours to two thousand miles away. We will write a custom essay sample on How Facebook Effects Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now The site allows all who have accounts to add friends, some who are suggested by the page itself, and keep in touch through quick, easy Internet access.But is the web site actually helping or hurting the relationships we form everyday? There are many benefits to Facebook. Facebook is the quick, easy way to keep up to date with events that happen every day. Once a person creates an account, they can add their friends and therefore look at the page that is created by that person and see their posts. When a person â€Å"posts† something it means that they are writing anything they want for all their friends to see, from song lyrics, to what their plans are for the day, to angry outbursts with a lot of curse words associated.The posts pop on the community wall so a person doesn’t have to go to each individual’s page to see their plans. This feature is beneficial because it allows a friend to discover plans and therefore work with, or around them to be able to see or communicate with that person without having to go through to hassle of keeping in touch every hour or having to send a text to twenty of your friends about what you’re doing that day. Another benefit of Facebook is it allows a person to keep in touch even through long distances.For example, if a person lives across the country, it is difficult to coordinate the time difference, and therefore makes it hard to have phone conversation or text repeatedly back and forth unless it is at a set time that is consensual for both parties. Facebook allows people to keep in touch on each person’s own time through wall posts, and messages, this is especially helpful in families who have ventured off to different areas of the world. Finally, the site is helpful by keeping loved ones in touch.Just as it does with families, Facebook allows person A to say something to person B on their own time but it also lends a hand in reminding loved ones how much they miss or care about each other publicly. As stated by Andrew Sabatini in his article Effects of MySpace and Facebook, â€Å"These websites provide a new way for couples communicate and help eliminate geographical boundaries. Both sites allow one member of the couple to get brownie points, through gifts and comments, and get them out of the dog house. (Sabatini) The option for a boyfriend of bringing surprise flowers to his girlfriend when she’s with all her friends is eliminated when the two are separated by hours due to college or job choice or a family vacation. Facebook allows the man to publicly display his affection (though it won’t always work) to his girlfriend through words of endearment and the thought that he doesn’t mind letting everyone know how much he cares for his significant other. Although there are many benefits of Facebook, the site can also create a lot of tension.In the film Catfish, a documentary directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, a 24-year-old photographer be gins talking to a family after becoming intrigued with an 8-year-old child painter prodigy. As the main character Yaniv â€Å"Nev† Schulman creates a stronger bond with the family he starts to talk to the young prodigy’s older sister via text, phone calls, and of course, Facebook. Without ever meeting his soon-to-be girlfriend, Nev discovers her appearance, her friends, events, and whereabouts through Facebook.However, when Nev travels to visit the family and girl he has been communicating with for months he learns that all is not what he expected. The location where she has said to be staying is not being occupied by anyone, and the mail he has sent her is still located in the abandoned mailbox. Nev and his friend’s next stop is the house of the young artist who inspired the whole film. While there Nev realizes that the girl he had been having a technology-based relationship with is actually the married mother of the 8-year-old sensation. The mother had created a fake Facebook account, added fake friends she had created and posted fake wall posts.Through imagination, and some form of determination this woman formed a relationship with Nev through Facebook updates and text messages. Eric Eisenberg pronounces in a Catfish review, â€Å"As social networking becomes more and more a part of every day life for people of all ages, Catfish is a reminder that it’s wise to wonder what’s truly going on at the other end of the line. † (Eisenberg) The movie simply proves that Facebook can let a person be anyone they want, the pictures, the updates, everything can be a lie, yet nobody will ever know.It’s a concern of trust, but more so of safety. Even though there are many more negative aspects of Facebook, such as the time it consumes from people every day, the things that makes Facebook non-appealing to many is that it creates jealousy, and tension in intimate relationships. On the web site people are able to tag other peo ple in pictures. The website causes jealousy due to pictures because if a person’s significant other is pictured with someone you don’t know, or aren’t comfortable with, or never told you they would be with, the tension rises and questions come up.Another negative effect of Facebook on relationships is how wall posts may not match exactly what a person said. For example, in the article What Effect does Facebook have on Relationships by Lauren Fisher, she says â€Å"If your boyfriend told you they were out for the weekend, that was pretty much it. But now you have the ability, should you want to, to scour their Facebook page for updates over the weekend, to see what they’re up to. † (Fisher) Facebook creates a sense of suspicion, and obsession to check if your partner is actually doing what he or she claims.Furthermore, Facebook has the ability for people to display their relationship status. A relationship isn’t really a relationship these d ays unless it is â€Å"Facebook official†, and a break-up isn’t concrete until a wall post says that they are single. John Norvell declares â€Å"†¦people had ways of telegraphing their status. † (Hines) Even though people could always easily portray their relationship status through actions and words the simplicity of updating a page in seconds can cause a person to second guess â€Å"trying to talk it over† or give them time to reflect on what’s actually happened, and if breaking up is the best choice.As stated before, Facebook can let people demonstrate their care for another, however it can also become an annoying obsession preformed by many, women more so then men. For instance, â€Å"One participant of the survey said that her boyfriend calls her a pain when she does it (comments on his wall or message’s him) because she has done it so many times that it has become obnoxious. † (Sabatini) Finally, and most obviously, Facebo ok use correlates directly to stress in relationships. Facebook permits a person’s significant other to view how much activity is taking place, and therefore generates resentment, yet it is a no win situation.If a person has too much information it can be questioned on why so much action is taking place, yet if things are hidden or unable to be seen it is also grounds for distress because curiosity strikes. In a study â€Å"Accessibility of information: Increased info about the interactions of significant others lead to increased monitoring and jealousy for 19. 1% of participants†, â€Å"Relationship jealousy: 16. 2% of respondents were explicitly linked to Facebook use contributing to jealousy†, and â€Å"Lack of context: 7. 4% of respondents referenced how Facebook can be ambiguous and that, without context, jealousy can be spurred over misunderstandings. (Parr) There is no easy way out of the Facebook jealousy factor, except to delete your Facebook account a ltogether, and consequently disconnect from society in a way. In conclusion, Facebook is a very good way to stay in touch with people who are distances away. It helps people keep up to date, and know what their friends are doing for the day. The site allocates couples to show their affection to the public without even leaving their house, and doesn’t conflict with time schedules or location. But to every good, there is a little bad. Facebook creates jealousy left and right.The web page makes questions arise that may not have before the site was created. And the option of hiding crucial information or checking and obsessing over it can lead to destruction in a somewhat other happy relationship. Overall, Facebook has its positives and negatives, just like everything else in life, but a person has to ask themselves, is social connectivity via the internet worth a full hearted relationship? Only time can tell. Works Cited Catfish. Dir. Henry Joost and Areil Schulman. Perf. Navid Schulman. Rouge Films, 2010. Film. Parr, Ben. â€Å"Study: Facebook Increases Jealousy in Relationships.Social Media News and Web Tips – Mashable – The Social Media Guide. 9th Aug. 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. . Sabatini, Andrew. â€Å"Effects of Myspace and Facebook on Relationships. † http://webrelationships. wetpaint. com/page/Effects+of+Myspace+and+Facebook.Fisher, Lauren. â€Å"What effect does Facebook have on Relationships? †Ã‚  http://www. simplyzesty. com/facebook/effect-facebook-relationships/.Hines, Twanna A. â€Å"Is Facebook Helping or Hurting Your Love Life? †Ã‚  http://www. fastcompany. com/articles/2008/02/facebook-love-life. html. How to cite How Facebook Effects Relationships, Papers

Social Contract Theory Essay Sample free essay sample

Social contract theory ( or contractarianism ) is a construct used in doctrine. political scientific discipline and sociology to denote an inexplicit understanding within a province sing the rights and duties of the province and its citizens. or more by and large a similar Concord between a group and its members. or between persons. All members within a society are assumed to hold to the footings of the societal contract by their pick to remain within the society without go againsting the contract ; such misdemeanor would mean a debatable effort to return to the province of nature. It has been frequently noted. so. that societal contract theories relied on a specific anthropological construct of adult male as either â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil† . Thomas Hobbes ( 1651 ) . John Locke ( 1689 ) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1762 ) are the most celebrated philosophers of contractarianism. which is the theoretical basis of democracy. It is besides one of a few viing theoretical b asiss of liberalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Contract Theory Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page but Rousseau’s societal contract is frequently seen as conflicting with classical liberalism which stresses individuality and rejects subordination of single autonomy to the â€Å"general will† of the community. [ 1 ] Overview State of nature A ; societal contract The societal contract. as a political theory. explains the justification and intent of the province and of human rights. Harmonizing to Hobbes’ canonical theory. the kernel is as follows: Without society. we would populate in a province of nature. where we each have unlimited natural freedoms. The downside of this general liberty is that it includes the freedom to harm and be harmed ; there are no positive rights. merely natural rights and an eternal â€Å"war of all against all† ( Bellum omnium Contra omnes. Hobbes 1651 ) . To avoid this. we jointly agree to an inexplicit societal contract by which we each gain civil rights in return for accepting the duty to honour the rights of others. giving up some freedoms to make so. The front man of the society we create. stand foring our joint involvements as members and formed by the deputation of our power. is the autonomous province. A fictional province of nature? The outgrowth of the societal contract from the province of nature is frequently explained in footings of just-so narratives whose end is to demo the logical footing of rights instead than trying historical truth. Rousseau’s 1754 Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men is more a fictional history of what has passed than a realistic description of what happened. However. it is besides true that the ambiguity persists. and that Hobbes’ polemic construct of the province of nature ( opposed to Rousseau’s irenical construct of it ) approach it from the realist description of civil war – the Leviathan may be read as an effort to work out the jobs raised by the English Civil War ( 1642-1651 ) . Misdemeanors of the contract The societal contract and the civil rights it gives us are neither â€Å"natural† nor for good fixed. Rather. the contract itself is the agency towards an terminal — the benefit of all — and. harmonizing to some philosophers such as Locke or Rousseau. is merely legitimate to the extent that it satisfies our ends. Therefore. when weaknesss are found in the contract. we renegotiate to alter the footings. utilizing methods such as elections and legislative assembly ; Locke theorized the right of rebellion in instance of the contract taking to tyranny. Since rights come from holding to the contract. those who merely choose non to carry through their contractual duties. such as by perpetrating offenses. hazard losing some of their rights. and the remainder of society can be expected to protect itself against the actions of such criminals. To be a member of society is to accept duty for following its regulations. along with the menace of penalty for go againsting them. Most of us are comfy with Torahs penalizing behaviour that harms people because we are concerned about others harming us and don’t program on harming others. In this manner. society plants by â€Å"mutual coercion. reciprocally agreed upon† ( Hardin 1968 ) . [ 1 ] However. philosophers such as Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze have argued that this is a inhibitory construct. declaring that we are all â€Å"potential criminals† . Indeed. Foucault criticized the construct of â€Å"criminal† ( â€Å"delinquant† . intending professional criminal ) . and pointed out the relationship between offense. category battle and insanity which. as in offenses of passion. can split out all of a sudden — therefore explicating the slogan â€Å"we are all practical criminals† . Some rights are defined in term of the negative duty they impose on others. For illustration. your basic belongings rights entail that everyone else chorus from taking what is yours. Rights can besides affect positive duties. such as the right to hold stolen belongings returned to you. which obligates others to give you back what’s yours when they find it in the custodies of others ( or. in modern society. to direct the constabulary in to make it ) . Theorists argue that a combination of positive and negative rights is necessary to make an enforceable contract that protects our involvements. History Classical idea Social contract thoughts go back to the Greeks ; Plato has Socrates make a instance for societal contract thoughts in Crito but criticizes them in The Republic. Epicurus explicitly endorsed societal contract thoughts ; the last 4th of his Principal Doctrines province that justness comes from understanding non to harm each other. and in Torahs being made for common advantage ( pleasance. felicity ) . and that Torahs which are no longer advantageous are no longer merely. Most European intellectuals before 1900 would hold had a classical instruction. and were typically familiar with Plato. if non Epicurus. Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan ( 1651 ) The first modern philosopher to joint a elaborate contract theory was Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679 ) . who contended that people in a province of nature ceded their single rights to make sovereignty. retained by the province. in return for their protection and a more functional society. so societal contract evolves out of matter-of-fact opportunism. Hobbes named the province Leviathan. therefore indicating to the ruse involved in the societal contract. Other doctrines conceived by Hobbes is that adult male were innately born with no ethical motives or apprehension of good. When detecting the Bible. one can happen that the name of Satan’s snake is Leviathan. therefore the naming of his book. His thoughts were greatly criticized due to their morbidity and anti-Christian ideals. John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government ( 1689 ) John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government differs from Hobbes’ construct of an absolute monarchy by reasoning in favour of a right of rebellion against dictatorship. believing that people contracted with one another for a peculiar sort of authorities. and that they could modify or even get rid of the authorities. For this ground. he is considered to be one of the chief minds of liberalism. Locke’s societal contract theory was intertwined with his apprehension of an innate. indispensable human reason representing ‘natural law’ . explained in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. John Locke is frequently compared to his modern-day. Thomas Hobbes. and their chief differences stands as one of the most of import of Locke’s beliefs. Locke believed. in contrast to Hobbes. that adult male is of course good. and is non entirely driven by greed and immorality. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Du Contrat societal ( 1762 ) Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) . in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract. Or Principles of Political Right. outlined a different version of contract theory. based on the construct of popular sovereignty. defined as indivisible and unalienable – this last trait explicating Rousseau’s antipathy for representative democracy and his protagonism of direct democracy. Rousseau’s theory has many similarities with the individualist Lockean broad tradition. but besides departs from it on many important points. For illustration. his theory of popular sovereignty includes a construct of a â€Å"general will† . which is more than the simple amount of single volitions: it is therefore collectivized or holistic. instead than individualist. As an person. Rousseau argues. the topic can be egoist and make up ones mind that his personal involvement should overrule the corporate involvement. However. as portion of a corporate organic structure. the single to pic puts aside his egoism to make a â€Å"general will† . which is popular sovereignty itself. Popular sovereignty therefore decides merely what is good for society as a whole: The bosom of the thought of the societal contract may be stated merely: Each of us places his individual and authorization under the supreme way of the general will. and the group receives each person as an indivisible portion of the whole†¦ Hence. Rousseau’s celebrated sentence: â€Å"We shall coerce them to be free† must be understood as such: since single topics resign their free will. as in Hobbes’s theory. to organize popular sovereignty ; besides. since the indivisible and unalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole. so if an person lapses back into his ordinary egoism. he shall be forced to listen to what they decided as a member of the collectivity. Rousseau’s version of the societal contract is the 1 most frequently associated with the term â€Å"social contract† itself. His theories had an influence on both the 1789 Gallic Revoluti on and the subsequent formation of the socialist motion. Furthermore. one can observe that. as in Locke or Hobbes’ theories. Rousseau gave peculiar attending to subjective and single inquiries. as in his Confessions for illustration. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s individualist societal contract ( 1851 ) While Rousseau’s societal contract is based on popular sovereignty and non on single sovereignty. there are other theories espoused by individualists. libertarians and nihilists. which do non affect holding to anything more than negative rights and creates merely a limited province. if at all. This is related to the non-aggression rule. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon advocated a construct of societal contract which didn’t involve an single surrendering sovereignty to others. Harmonizing to him. the societal contract was non between persons and the province. but instead between persons themselves forbearing from haling or regulating each other. each one keeping complete sovereignty upon oneself: â€Å"What truly is the Social Contract? An understanding of the citizen with the authorities? No. that would intend but the continuance of [ Rousseau’s ] thought. The societal contract is an understanding of adult male with adult male ; an understanding from which must ensue what we call society. In this. the impression of commutative justness. first brought frontward by the crude fact of exchange. †¦is substituted for that of distributive justness †¦ Translating these words. contract. commutative justness. which are the linguistic communication of the jurisprudence. into the linguistic communication of concern. and you have commerce. that is to state. in its highest significance. the act by which adult male and adult male declare themselves basically manufacturers. and renounce all pretense to regulate each other† Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century ( 1851 ) . This thought of a societal contract that excludes intercession by the province in single autonomy was besides followed by other individualist nihilists. such as Benjamin Tucker ( an partisan of Proudhon’s Hagiographas ) who said â€Å"Mankind is nearing the existent societal contract. which is non. as Rousseau thought. the beginning of society. but instead the result of a long societal experience. the fruit of its follies and catastrophes. It is obvious that this contract. this societal jurisprudence. developed to its flawlessness. excludes all aggression. all misdemeanor of equality and autonomy. all invasion of every sort. † ( Liberty. VII. 1890 ) John Rawls’s Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) John Rawls ( 1921-2002 ) proposed a contractarian attack that has a unquestionably Kantian spirit. in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) . whereby rational people in a conjectural â€Å"original place. † puting aside their single penchants and capacities under a â€Å"veil of ignorance. † would hold to certain general rules of justness. This thought is besides used as a game-theoretical formalisation of the impression of equity. Philip Pettit’s construct of republicanism ( 1997 ) Philip Pettit has argued. in Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government ( 1997 ) . that the theory of societal contract. classically based on the consent of the governed ( as it is assumed that the contract is valid every bit long as the people consent to being governed by its representatives. who exercise sovereignty ) . should be modified. in order avoid difference. Alternatively of reasoning that an expressed consent. which can ever be manufactured. should warrant the cogency of societal contract. Philip Pettit argues that the absence of an effectual rebellion against the contract is the lone legitimacy of it. in much the same manner that Karl Popper argues that the standards of scientific work is its falsifiability. Criticism Social contract is a misdemeanor of contract theory Normally. a contract is non presumed valid unless all parties agree to it voluntarily. that is. no 1 has been pressured under the menace of physical force to come in into it. Lysander Spooner. a steadfast protagonist of a right of contract between persons. argues that a supposed societal contract ( of the Rousseauean kind ) can non be used to warrant governmental actions such as revenue enhancement. because authorities will originate force against anyone who does non wish to come in into such a contract. As a consequence. he maintains that such an understanding is non voluntary and hence can non be considered a legitimate contract at all. It should be noted. nevertheless. that juridical contract theory does non turn to the same issues as the philosophical construct of societal contract. Ronald Dworkin’s Law’s Empire ( 1986 ) In his 1986 book Law’s Empire. Ronald Dworkin touches briefly on societal contract theory. foremost separating between the usage of societal contract theory in an ethical sense. to set up the character or content of justness ( such as John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice ) and its usage in a jurisprudential sense as a footing for legitimate authorities. Dworkin argues that if every citizen were a party to an existent. historical understanding to accept and obey political determinations in the manner his community’s political determinations are in fact taken. so the historical fact of understanding would supply at least a good Prima facie instance for coercion even in ordinary political relations: So some political philosophers have been tempted to state that we have in fact agreed to the societal contract of that sort tacitly. by merely non emigrating when we reach the age of consent. But no 1 can reason that really long with a consecutive face. Consent can non be adhering on people. in the manner this statement requires. unless it is given more freely. and with more echt surrogate pick. than merely by worsening to construct a life from nil under a foreign flag. And even if the consent were echt. the statement would neglect as an statement for legitimacy. because a individual leaves one crowned head merely to fall in another ; he has no pick to be free from sovereigns wholly. [ 2 ] A typical counterargument is that the pick is non limited to tacit consent to the position quo vs. exile. but besides includes accepting the contract. so working to change the parts that are disagreed with. as by take parting in the political procedure. Criticisms of natural right Contractualism is based on a doctrine of rights being agreed to in order to foster our involvements. which is a signifier of individuality: each person topic is accorded single rights. which may or may non be unalienable. and organize the footing of civil rights. as in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It must be underlined. nevertheless. as Hannah Arendt did on her book on imperialism. that the 1789 Declarations. in this holding with the societal contract theory. bases the natural rights of the human-being on the civil rights of the citizen. alternatively of making the contrary as the contractualist theory make-believes to make [ 3 ] . However. this individualist and broad attack has been criticized since the nineteenth century by minds such as Marx. Nietzsche or Freud. and subsequently by structural linguistics and post-structuralism minds. such as Lacan. Althusser. Foucault. Deleuze or Derrida. Several of those philosophers have attempted. in a spinozis t inspiration. of believing some kind of transindividuality which would predate the division between single topic and collective topic ( i. e. society ) . JOHN RAWL’S Original Position aka Veil of Ignorance The original place is a conjectural state of affairs created by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought experiment. It figures conspicuously in his book. A Theory of Justice. and it is one of the most influential thoughts in twentieth-century doctrine. It has influenced a assortment of minds from a wide spectrum of philosophical orientations. As a thought experiment. the original place is a conjectural designed to accurately reflect what rules of justness would be manifest in a society premised on free and just cooperation between citizens. including regard for autonomy. and an involvement in reciprocality. In societal contract theory. individuals in the province of nature agree to the commissariats of a contract that defines the basic rights and responsibilities of citizens in a civil society. In Rawls’s theory. justness as equity. the original place plays a function that is correspondent to the province of nature in the classical societal contract tradition of Thomas Hobbes. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. and John Locke. In the province of nature. it might be argued that certain individuals ( the strong and talented ) would hold an advantage over others ( the weak and disabled ) by virtuousness of the fact that the stronger and more gifted would do better in the province of nature. In the original place. representatives of citizens are placed behind a head covering of ignorance. striping the representatives of information about the morally irrelevant features of the citizens they represent. Therefore. the representative parties would be incognizant of the endowments and abilities. ethnicity and gender. faith or belief system of the citizens they represent. The nature of the construct Rawls specifies that the parties in the original place are concerned merely with citizens’ portion of what he calls primary societal goods. which include basic rights every bit good as economic and societal advantages. Rawls besides argues that the representatives in the original place would follow the maximin regulation as their rule for measuring the picks before them. Borrowed from game theory. maximin bases for maximising the lower limit. i. e. doing the pick that produces the highest final payment for the worst result. In the societal contract. citizens in a province of nature contract with each other to set up a province of civil society. For illustration. in the Lockean province of nature. the parties agree to set up a civil society in which the authorities has limited powers and the responsibility to protect the individuals and belongings of citizens. In the original place. the representative parties select rules of justness that are to regulate the basic construction of society. Rawls argues that the representative parties in the original place would choose two rules of justness: 1. Each citizen is guaranteed a to the full equal strategy of basic autonomies. which is compatible with the same strategy of autonomies for all others ; 2. Social and economic inequalities must fulfill two conditions: o All offices and places must be unfastened to all under conditions of equal chance ; o Economic inequalities are merely permitted in so far as they benefit the least good off members of society.

Pharmaceutical Engineering

Pharmaceutical Engineering Introduction Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has grappled with an increased cost in production partly because of uncertainty with regards to the necessities for regulatory compliance. Of particular interest is the validation of particularly the automation systems as well as the accreditation of Practices for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the existence of many yet acceptable interpretations of these regulatory requirements led to confusion between manufacturers leading to inconsistencies in processing practices. With the inception of these practices, a part from increased costs in production, there has been a decrease in the rate at which new products come to market. (World Health Organization, 1997) In the year 1994, a body representing the pharmaceutical engineers in conjunction with both the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineers (ISPE) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agreed on a common course that led to the creation of Baseline Pharmaceutical Engineering Guides. These guides are aimed at aiding pharmaceutical manufacturers â€Å"in the design, construction and commissioning of facilities that comply with the requirements of FDA† (ISPE Baseline Pharmaceutical Engineering Guides for New and Renovated Facilities, 1999). As such, pharmaceutical industries are required to meet the current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) which ought to coincide with the entire governing laws and policies. The joint interpretation of these regulations is important for the purpose of consistency, flexibility and enhancement of innovative approach in the design, construction and validation. The scope of this guideline is limited to the development of new products as well as the existing ones which tend to have limited baseline description. However, these guidelines are not intended to substitute the existing laws and regulations which apply to the same. To supplement this document, there is need to incorporate the existing laws and regulations to the same for the purpose of completeness. Basically, this guide owes its guidance from the following sensitive parameters: the critical processing step, product exposure, level of protection, critical parameters, critical instruments and systems, Good Engineering Practice (GEP) and enhanced documentation.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regards to critical processing step, this is significant in defining consistent regulatory requirements and as such, it specifies the extent of product exposure and the level of protection. However, due to environmental regulations upon a specific methodology employed, standard operating procedures (SOPs) are used hence; this enhances fle xibility in manufacturing designs thereby reducing the processing costs within the regulatory requirements. With regards to critical parameters, this has an effect on the quality of a product. This ought to be identified, regularly checked and controlled to maintain the product quality. In order to identify these parameters, manufacturers should have knowledge about the processing steps and as such document the rational for afterward examination. Critical parameters define critical instruments and systems and just like the parameters, they require in-depth documentation. As regards GEP’s, the guide requires that all processing elements in a facility to â€Å"routinely undergo some form of commissioning† (Milton, 2002). Basically all the engineering aspects of a processing system needs to be inspected regularly, tested and above all recorded down for documentation. GEP requires that prior to setting of the plant, all the stakeholders be involved in â€Å"the planning, design, construction and commissioning phases to ensure systems are documented once† (Latham, 1995). Enhanced documentation is a plus to the Good Engineering Practices. The essence of doing an exhaustive documentation stems from the fact that most systems and commissioning documents do not undergo regular update long after inception. Regulations entail change control with respect to certain document. Moreover, validation for the regular inspection of the critical systems to enhance consistency in quality has to be supported by documentation (Wichmann, 1997). Guide with respect to design of sterile manufacturing facilities Traditionally, the design and construction of a Bulk pharmaceutical chemical (BPC) plant is just like a chemical manufacturing plant and as such, they have ceased from being pharmaceutical dosage-form industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore While chemical manufacturers give tolerances for traces of contaminants in the final product, â€Å"pharmaceutical facility and processing design requires provision for minimizing cross contamination and trace contamination† (International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), 2009). In the ISPE guide concerning the recent facility design of BPC, the principles are based on the dosage-form pharmaceutical industries. Consequently, the guideline has become a vital tool in helping a project team meet the minimum restrictions for a facility design in line with cGMPs requirements. Just like in BPC, ISPE gives guidelines with respect to sterile chemicals manufacture in ‘Sterile Manufacturing Guide’. This document was obtained courtesy of great minds in the pharmaceutical fraternity composed of a task force of 50 personalities. The essence of this guide which dwells on engineering issues is meant at providing cost efficient facilities. It generally focuses on t he aseptic processes that ultimately lead to terminal sterility of the final product. The primary features of this guide are: Product requirement, â€Å"GMP critical parameters† and â€Å"Critical Devices†, Terminal sterilization, Aseptic processing area, Protection of the product, Flow of people and material, integrated facility design, Barrier-isolator technology, Consistent HVAC principles, In operation condition for HVAC, Good Engineering Practice, Direct impact systems, Enhanced documentation and Indirect impact systems (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), 2007). The product requirement decides the vital aseptic needs of a given facility and as such, the ‘critical parameters’ can be established. The aseptic processing area is a region where formulation of the product takes place after which is packaged and sealed. This is a critical area where control of persons a nd materials ought to be perfect to bar cross contamination. An efficient way of a voiding this is by barrier-isolator technology which ought to be incorporated in the design initially during installation. HVAC principles give the baselines for aseptic manufacturing processes. Engineers and designers should take heed of this stage of operation where â€Å"regulators are particularly interested with the in the environment during in-operation condition† (Orange Guide, 2007). This is so because it is believed that this is the time when the product may be exposed. Designers should be in a position to identify the potential sources of microbial/ particulate contamination and the ways of ensuring quality air free of contamination.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Baseline standards also come in handy in the selection of materials as well as finishes since this impact directly on the quality of the final product. It would be insignificant for one to spend much in instrumentation and control yet the no GMP is achieved. As regards Good Engineering Practice, this needs to be applied to the entire facility to ensure compliance of the product with respect to quality needs. This guide brings forth the term ‘direct Impact System’ which basically means the facilities which have a direct impact on the product. Moreover, it highlights the term ‘Indirect Impact System’ which generally means the opposite of the former term. These systems ought to be â€Å"supported by enhanced documentation† (International Cleanroom Standards, 2007). Qualification for compressed air The facilities designed to support pharmaceutical operations ought to comply with the GEP and cGMP. These systems just like as it has been stated initially, t hey may have either direct or indirect impact on the quality of the product. The former system ought to be comprehensively documented and inspected with respect to critical GMPs limits. The stakeholders should agree on the degree of qualifications prior to the installation process. The impact assessment process is represented in the flowchart below: With regards to direct system, the fundamental parameters that ought to be analyzed are: purified water, water for injection, clean steam and HVAC and compressed special gas. The indirect systems that need to be checked are raw water treatment, cooling system, effluent treatment, heating system and boiler house. Commissioning overview normally takes â€Å"equipments from installation to operation as well as incorporating a systematic method for testing and documentation† (European Commission, 2005). Both commissioning and validation procedures come up with equipment lists, component lists, utility verification forms, systematic drawings and operating procedures. However, while validation focuses on user responsibility, commissioning focuses on supplier responsibility. Moreover, while validation is approved by the quality assurance team, commissioning is approved by engineering project team. Since compressed air system is a direct system, qualification work is needed. User Requirement Specification (URS) requires that quality of air be generated from the system at generation and point of use is determined. Furthermore, it calls for safety measure and prevention of contamination. Qualification for Nitrogen gas Air monitoring methods are used to regulate the emission of dangerous gases in the environment by keeping them within the set emission limits. The gases with limited emission limit include Carbon monoxide, compounds of Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur Dioxide and Hazardous air pollutants. The roles of industries are to mitigate these toxic emissions within safe limits. This is achievable through â€Å" Air Pollution Control Devices that include: Mechanical collectors (Hepa filters), Hazardous solvents (thermal oxidation, gas absorption scrubbers and adsorption) and selective catalytic reduction techniques† (Daly, 1985). Qualification for Steam systems Steam is widely used in processing of pharmaceutical products important for treatment. Steam exhaust from boilers also referred to as utility steam come in contact with products directly acting as potential source of ‘direct impact system’. This may be in form of condensate which settles on the products depositing contaminants (rust and additives) on the product. The quality of steam is determined by the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) which determines the final quality of the product. Steam comes in handy when carrying sterilization processes that include: Manufacture of Injectable or Parenteral solutions, which are always sterile. Biopharmaceutical manufacturing and manufacture of sterile solution e.g. ophtha lmic products (D’Elia 1994). Clean steam may cause contamination through humidification among other forms of contamination. Clean steam system design enhances formation of quality products. This is achieved by: â€Å"avoidance of corrosion, prevention of entry of contaminants into the system and, preventing microbial growth in the system† (Reeuwijk, 1998). For the purpose of validation process of steam utility, a sequential process ensures generation clean steam: â€Å"Develop a User Requirement Specification (URS), develop a Functional Specification (FS), Undergo Design Qualification (DQ), Installer Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ) and finally Performance Qualification (PfQ)† (Commission Directive 2003 EC, 2003). Conclusion In a conclusion, for any pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the need for ISPE Guide in the initial installation of facilities is vital to minimize cost due to redesigning of the entire system. The validation and commiss ioning of the processes should be done for once and for all by involving all the stakeholders to limit redesigning costs. Essentially, by implementing ISPE guidelines one will have basically met all the requirements for accreditation procedures set for pharmaceutical industry. This is so because it coincides with the requirements for FDA and WHO (Heinemann, 2003) Bibliography Commission Directive 2003 EC, 2003. Laying dawn the principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice in respect of medicinal products for human use and investigational medicinal products for human use. London: Department of Health. D’Elia, L., 1994. â€Å"Bioprocess Engineering-Systems, Equipments Facilities†.Utility for Biotechnology Production Plants. New York City: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Daly B., 1985. Woods practical guide to fan engineering. Colchester, Woods of Colchester Ltd. Third impression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. European Commission, 2005. The rules governing medicinal products in the European Community, Volume IV. Good manufacturing practice for medicinal products. European Commission. Brussels: ViVio. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cen.eu/Pages/default.aspx Heinemann, D., 2003. Good Laboratory and Clinical Practices, Techniques for the Quality Assurance Newnnes, Oxford. International Cleanroom Standards, 2007. International Organization for Standardization. Brussels: ViVio. Available at: https://www.iso.org/developing-standards.html International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), 2009. Quality Risk Management – 09. London: Department of Health. Web. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), 2007. Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients 07 , London: Department of Health. Retrieved from: ISPE Baseline Pharmaceutical Engineering Guides for New and Renovated Facilities, 1999. Sterile Manufacturing Facilities, First Edition . London: Department of Health. Latham, T., 1995. â€Å"Clean Steam Systems†. Pharmaceutical Engineering.15 (2), p. 3. Milton, A., 2002. GLP Quality Audit Manual. Interpharm Press, third edition, ISBN 1-57491-106-6 (2002). Orange Guide, 2007.Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors, commonly known as the, MHRA, February 2007, New York University Press. Reeuwijk, P., 1998. FAO Soils Bulletin 74, Guidelines for quality management in soil and plant laboratories, New York University Press. Wichmann, B., 1997. Software in scientific computing, National Physical Laboratory. Measurement Good Practice Guide No. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Health Organization, 1997. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals. A compendium of guidelines and related materials, Volume 1. Geneva: ILO Publications.

Eighteenth President Ulysses S Grant Fast Facts

Eighteenth President Ulysses S Grant Fast Facts Ulysses S Grant attended West Point but was not impressive as a student. After graduating, he fought in the Mexican-American War as a Lieutenant. However, after the war he retired to become a farmer. As in a lot of his personal life, he did not have much luck. He didnt rejoin the military until the start of the Civil War. He started as a colonel but quickly rose through the ranks until President Abraham Lincoln named him as the Commander of all Union forces. He would then move on to become Americas eighteenth president.   Here is a quick list of fast facts for Ulysses S Grant. For more in depth information, you can also read the Ulysses S Grant Biography. Birth: April 27, 1822 Death: July 23, 1885 Term of Office: March 4, 1869-March 3, 1877 Number of Terms Elected: 2 Terms First Lady: Julia Boggs Dent Nickname: Unconditional Surrender Ulysses S Grant Quote: My failures have been errors of judgment, not of intent. Major Events While in Office: ReconstructionTranscontinental Railroad Completed (1869)Black Friday Scandal involving James Fisk and Jay Gould (1869)Fifteenth Amendment Ratified (1870)Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)Panic of 1873Whiskey Ring Scandal (1875)Belknap Bribery Scandal (1876)Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) States Entering Union While in Office: Colorado (1876) Related Ulysses S Grant Resources: These additional resources on Ulysses S Grant can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Ulysses S Grant BiographyTake a more in depth look at the eighteenth president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Civil WarUlysses S Grant was the commander of Union forces during the Civil War. Learn more about the war, its battles, and more with this overview. Top 10 Presidential ScandalsUlysses S Grant was president during three of these top ten presidential scandals that occurred throughout the years. In fact, his presidency was marred by one scandal after another. Reconstruction EraAs the Civil War ended, the government was left with the job of mending the horrendous rift that had torn the nation apart. The programs of reconstruction were efforts to help achieve this goal. Chinese-Americans and the Transcontinental RailroadChinese immigrants had a huge impact on the history of the west in America. They were instrumental in the completion of the railroads, despite intense discrimination from fellow workers and bosses. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Andrew JohnsonRutherford B. HayesList of American Presidents

United States history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States history - Essay Example The issue of democracy in America in general is one which has been debated on and about for ages, and the matter of whether or not capitalism has played a larger role in the defining of American foreign policy when compared to democracy is one which is incredibly significant and relevant overall.There are many different factors which need to be taken into consideration in order to be able to properly determine the answer to this posing, and this particularly in regards to the reasons that America became involved in foreign affairs in the late 19th century, as well as the motivations for their entering both world wars and the progress of the Cold War, for instance. All of these issues have great influence on the matter of whether democracy or capitalism should be considered as being more important in the defining of American foreign policy, and thus they all must be thoroughly addressed and discussed. The aim of this paper is to consider all aspects of both democracy and capitalism wh ich are two tremendously dynamic and substantial subjects on their own, and to compare their similarities and differences in order to be able to properly determine which has played more of a role in creating and defining American foreign policy since the 1800s. We will be able to do this by discussing the previously mentioned issues as well as any and all other key and related factors relevant to this case. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The term democracy is one which is typically used in the context of a political state however the principles are also applicable to numerous other groups and organizations. There are several different forms of democracy, with the most major being: representative, liberal, direct, socialist, anarchist, tribal, and consensus. The representative, liberal, and direct forms of democracy are the most well-known, and they are considered as follows: representative democracy is the form of democracy which involves the selection of government officials by the people, and one characteristic of representative democracy in particular is that of the fact that while the representatives are elected by the people, to act in their interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so; liberal democracy is a form representative democracy with free and fair elections along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liber ties; and the direct form of democracy is one which is largely referred to as being "a political system where the citizens vote on all major policy decisions. It is called direct because, in the classical forms, there are no intermediaries or representatives. All direct democracies to date have been relatively small communities, usually city-states. However, some see the extensive use of referenda, as in California, as akin to direct democracy in a very large polity with more than 20 million potential voters" (Wikipedia, 2007). Capitalism, on the other hand, is a term which generally refers to an economic system in which "the means of production are mostly privately owned and operated for profit, and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free market. It is usually considered to involve the right of individuals and groups of individuals acting as 'legal persons' or corporations to trade capital goods, labor, land and money" (Boyer, Clark & Kett, 2002). The first actual theories of capitalism came about in the context of the Industrial Revolution, and this followed the social theorist Karl Marx in particular, and these theories were generally used to criticize the concept. The

Perception Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Perception - Research Paper Example Many individuals mistake these two separate entities as one in the same. This paper will distinguish the difference between the two and provide clarity of each one’s function. This paper will also define how we as individuals acquire a cultural sense of sensation and perception through our experiences. This paper will define terms that will help you understand the history behind the functions of sensation and perception. The research in this paper will define abnormalities that can affect sensation and perception and the effects of those abnormalities as well as medical research and breakthroughs. Perception and Sensing of Our Everyday Environment Perception and Sensation though working together are different entities performing different functions. The functions performed by both perception and sensation are important to the interpretation of how we experience everyday life in the world around us. Sensation and perception are answerable to the brain. The brain is like a telep hone pole and sensation and perception are some of the wires plugged into it to communicate. Perception and sensation to diffuse the confusion honed by most must be described and defined individually. Let’s begin by first defining sensation and describing sensations functions. Myers (2009) observes or defines sensation as the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. So what does this mean in laymen’s terms? Basically sensation is the signal we send to our brain that represents our physical experiences in this world we live in. Sensation receptors are recognized by the brain through receiving input up to the brain, which the brain interprets and sends out. There are several interpretation methods that we know as the senses. The five senses are vision, hearing, tasting, touching and smelling. These five senses are used on a daily basis and play very important roles in our everyday lives. Witho ut the use of the five senses, the function of sensation would not exist in our world. Vision is the way we see and interpret the world around us. Vision occurs through the eyes. The eyes have several components that receive and send out light to form visual images. The eye contains several parts, the cornea, the iris, the pupil, the lens, the retina, the fovea, the rods and cones, and the optic nerve to name a few. For the sake of the length of research I will only cover a few parts to give the summarization of the eye’s function and how it transmits to the brain. The parts of the eye that will be discussed are the retina, the rods and the cones and the optic nerve. The â€Å"retina is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information† (Myers, 2009) The â€Å"rods are the retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond† (Myers, 2009) The â€Å"cones are retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retinal that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations† (Myers, 2009) The â€Å"optic nerve is the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain† (Myers, 2009) So basically when putting all these functions together here is what happens. Once light enters the eye through the cornea, the retina processes the light through

Teaching Children with Autism Essay -- Teaching Education Disorders Sp

Teaching Children with Autism There has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It is likely as an educator that you will have at least one child with this diagnosis in your classroom. This paper explores some of the methods used to teach autistic children. Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad range disabilities such as Asperger syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome, and Pervavasive Development Disorder (Dunlap & Fox, n.d.). There are also varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication and no social interaction) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills.) One of the most difficult things teachers will face when dealing with Autistic children is their lack of communication skills and inappropriate or nonexistent social skills. In addition to academic instruction children with Autism require instruction in communication techniques and social skills. Kamps et.al. says â€Å"A key to accommodating students with autism in public school settings is the provision of social and behavioral programming to develop meaningful participation with nondisabled persons† (p.174). There are many techniques that are useful in teaching children with autism communication and social skills. One method is the Responsive Classroom, an instructional approach that integrates the teaching of academic and social skills as an aspect of everyday classroom life (Sapona & Winterman, 2002, p. 30). According to Sapona and Winterman (2002) teachers implementing this model in their classroom include six comp... ...avioral Skills to Children with Autism. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 10 (1), 1-9. Dempsey, I. & Foreman, P. ( 2001). A Review of Educational Approaches for Individuals with Autism. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 48 (1), 105-116. Kamps, D. et.al. (2002). Peer Training to Facilitate Social Interaction for Elementary Students with Autism and Their Peers. Exceptional Children, 68 (2), 173-187. Marks, S. et. al. (2003). Instructional Management Tips for Teahers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Teaching Exceptional Children, 35 (4), 50-55. Dunlap, G. & Fox, L. Teaching Students with Autism. ERIC Digest, E582. Winterman, K. & Sapona, R. (2002). Everyone’s Included: Supporting Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Responsive Classroom Learning Environment. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35 (1), 30-35.

English Notes Agry God

Jonathon Edwards was quite known for his most famous sermon â€Å"from the sinners in the hands of an angry God. † He often called people sinners and scared them in to believing that they were all going to hell. Edwards uses many rhetorical devices in his sermon, such as: figurative language; fear,parallel structure, and lastly repetition. J. Edwards used a lot of figurative language in his sermon. It seems like in every other sentence there is either a simile or a metaphor or at least something with imagery. Such as † there is a dreadful Pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God. Or there is â€Å"the wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present. † I think Edwards was using the figurative language not only to make people think but to also keep them interested , and to keep them listening to him. An example of imagery that he said in his sermon would be â€Å"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, mush as one who holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire. † Jonathon had a way with figurative language. Edwards caused a lot of people to fear him, and also what he was talking about. Most people started to believe what Edwards was saying in his sermon. This is an example of people believing what they hear. When Edwards made the people fear him, he got more popular, not really the good type of popular either . Once the people started to fear him, they also started to believe what he was saying. Which scared them into listening more. Most of the people did what ever to un-become a sinner. Jonathon used a lot of parallel structure and repetition in his sermon. He seemed to have wrote a lot of the same things over just differently. Edwards used the repetition of certain words, many times such as: hell, God, fire, sinners. Some people may think that his entire sermon was just about those four words. An example of parallel structure is † to see many others feasting , while you are pining and perishing! † These were to make the people think while they were listening. In result of the figurative language, the fear he caused, and the parallel structure and repetition all caused the people to listen to what he had to say . Even though he was calling them all sinners. These people believed in what Jonathon Edwards ha to say, mainly because they were scared. The words he used in this sermon helped make these people listen/ believe .

The Role Of Women Within Islam - 1044 Words

Gender roles within Islam have been widely disputed throughout history. However, new thoughts on the role of women within Islam began to emerge with the writings of Sufi scholar Muhammad b. Ali b. Muhammad Ibn al-Arabi al-Ta’i al-Hatimi. Ibn al-Arabi’s thoughts concerning Islamic women within the 12th and 13th centuries drew much attention from the Islamic community. This attention was originally seen as heresy, and many responded with hostility as well as the denouncement of Ibn al-Arabi’s faith. However, Ibn al-Arabi was a devoted follower of Muhammad. His views upon women stem from his life experiences, and his progressive ideas have now secured his spot as a major Muslim theologian. Ibn al-Arabi was born in Spain, and he began his religious training in Seville. He was instructed by many masters as a youth, but it is notable that two of his instructors were women. However, as a pupil of Sufism, female masters were not unheard of. Sufism is the study of the myt hical side of Islam, as well as the ideal forms of Islam. Sufism was meant to reestablish the recognition of unity, and to balance the harmony of nature. In fact, the prophet Muhammad’s wife, Khadija, was considered the first Sufi mystic of Islam. Therefore, it is not surprising that Ibn al-Arabi introduced new ideas regarding women, since so much of his own study was said to be shaped by women themselves. Within the Qur’an, the role of women is presented in two opposing views. In places women are looked at as aShow MoreRelatedThe Arrival Of Islam And Islam952 Words   |  4 Pagesarrival of Islam brought many changes to Arabian life and society as it then existed. One of these changes was among the treatment of women and their place in society. Before the coming of Islam in the 7th century, women were thought to be inferior servants to men. The arrival of Islam throughout Arabia opened many opportunities for women that allowed them more rights and more influence on t he basis of equality. The arrival of Islam is what was crucial for women to be seen as human beings. Women were thoughtRead MoreIslam Studies Jahiliyyah1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof Islam. The Jahiliyyah is a core and critical part of the foundations of Islam, that certain elements of the jahiliyyah were borrowed, adopted and developed; whilst other elements were discarded as Islam evolved. It is important as aspects of the jahiliyyah period continues to have an influence after the advent of Islam. Elements of the jahiliyyah such as the geographical location; the political, social and religious life; pre-islamic literature, rituals of the Ka ba and the role of Women haveRead MoreComparing Sayyid Qutb And Zaynab Al Ghazali1616 Words   |  7 PagesWhen comparing and contrasting the different ideologies of Sayyid Qutb and Zaynab al-Ghazali, there is a strong fundamental sense for both in the role of Islam in constructing an ideal society; that Islam in one’s daily life contains everything that a pe rson or a society might lack. So too do these thinkers hold a strong parallel between western modernity and the Jahiliya. Where Qutb and al-Ghazali differ comes from their conceptual differences, particularly in regards to gender and governing. ARead MoreThe Role Of Muslim Women During The Islamic World1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of Muslim women in the Islamic world is one has been widely discussed criticized by many people. The most common perceptions are of women living under the oppressive dictatorships of their husbands, forced into marriage, and constantly covered under the veil. The discussion of Muslim women and their roles are an important, firstly because there have been many misconceptions by non-Muslims which needs to be corrected and addressed. Secondly, some Muslim countries treat women unjustly inRead MoreWomens Status in Islam Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesStatus in Islam In Islam, women and men are equal in terms of their relationship with Allah. It can be clearly seen that Allah has created men and women differently, this is so that they may fulfil different purposes in life. It is not a question of the superiority of one gender over another, rather it is a matter of role differentiation. Islam teaches Read MoreThe Rights And Privileges Of Women1527 Words   |  7 PagesAli Dadkhah Ms. Majida Salem 12th Islamic Studies 3/28/2017 Rights of Women The rights and privileges of women have been targeted by western haters of recent times, attempting to make the world believe that women have no rights in Islam. In reality however it is the complete opposite, women have the same rights as men (in mostly all cases) and have even more leniency. â€Å"As for anyone - be it man or woman - who does righteous deeds, and is a believer withal - him shall We most certainly cause toRead MoreMuslim Women, Patriarchy, Islam And Sexual Regulation Of Pakistani Women1434 Words   |  6 PagesSaadia Toor’s essay, How Not to Talk About Muslim Women; Patriarchy, Islam and Sexual Regulation of Pakistani Women, demonstrates that irrespective of the objective behind the commentary on Muslim women, the mainstream media’s discourse on Islam portrays it as an all-encompassing term to describe the entirety of the Islamic society. Discourses that allow for singular explanation of a culture essentializes its existence regardless of its contex t. The specific discourse on the ‘Muslim World’ is explainedRead MoreWomen s Political And Islam1265 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s political rights in Islam has been a controversial topic in the modern age. With the growth of ideologies like feminism and liberalism, Islam has been carefully examined underneath a microscope for some time. Some argue that Islam subjugates women because they are not given the exact rights or roles men have been given. Allah (swt) has given men and women different biological, physiological, and psychological attributes. In the Quran Allah (swt) says in chapter 4; verse 32 â€Å"And do not wishRead MoreComparing Womens Roles in Christianity and Islam Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Womens Roles in Christianity and Islam Christianity Concept of God: ChristiansRead MoreContributions Of Prominent Women s Islam1005 Words   |  5 Pages March 21, 2017 Contributions of Prominent Women in Islam The introduction of Islam into the early Arab culture elevated the status of women. Women became warriors, contributors to education, and political leaders. Throughout Islamic history until present day, Muslim women have proved their importance within society through varying means of bringing the community together. During the time of Muhammad (SAAWS), many women had contributed to Islam and its rapid spread. Nusaybah Bint k’ab Al Maziniyyah